Re: A recently discovered new factor in AA, the cure is near
Saint-Loup said:
squeegee said:
Nizoral just like Miconazole Nitrate Inhibit platelet cyclooxygenase which lower inflammation and PGD2 at the same time. High inflammation= high PGD2.
It mainly acts by blocking androgen receptors.
Ketoconazole Suppresses Prostaglandin E2 -Induced Cyclooxygenase-2
Expression in Human Epidermoid Carcinoma A-431 Cells
Naoko Kanda and Shinichi Watanabe
Department of Dermatology, Teikyo University, School of Medicine,
Japan
Reprint requests to: Dr. Naoko Kanda, Department of Dermatology,
Teikyo University, School of Medicine, 11-1, Kaga-2, Itabashi-Ku,
Tokyo 173-8605, Japan. Email:
nmk@med.teikyo-u.ac.jp
Cyclooxygenase-2 is a key enzyme in the conversion of arachidonic acid
to prostaglandins. The overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 has been
reported in skin cancer cells, and may be involved in carcinogenesis.
Prostaglandin E2 , the end product of cyclooxygenase-2-induced
catalysis, autoamplifies the cyclooxygenase-2 expression. It is
suggested that an anti-mycotic drug, ketoconazole may inhibit
carcinogenesis. We herein investigated if ketoconazole may inhibit
prostaglandin E2 -induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human
epidermoid carcinoma A-431 cells. Ketoconazole suppressed
prostaglandin E2 -induced cyclooxygenase-2 protein and mRNA expression
and promoter activation in A-431; the suppressive effects of
ketoconazole were counteracted by cyclic adenosine monophosphate
analog. Analyses using deleted or mutated cyclooxygenase-2 promoters
revealed that cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element (- 59 to
- 53 bp) on the promoter was involved in prostaglandin E2 -induced
stimulation and ketoconazole-induced inhibition of the promoter
activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that cyclic
adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein and
activating transcription factor-1 may constitutively bind to cyclic
adenosine monophosphate response element on cyclooxygenase-2 promoter.
Prostaglandin E2 increased the proportion of phosphorylated forms
among total bound cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element
binding protein/activating transcription factor-1, and the effect was
suppressed by ketoconazole. Prostaglandin E2 induced the
phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element
binding protein and activating transcription factor-1, and the
phosphorylation was suppressed by cyclic adenosine
monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A) inhibitor,
indicating protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation. Ketoconazole
suppressed the prostaglandin E2 -induced phosphorylation of cyclic
adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein/activating
transcription factor-1. Prostaglandin E2 increased intracellular
cyclic adenosine monophosphate level by activating adenylate cyclase
in A-431, and the increase was suppressed by ketoconazole. These
results suggest that ketoconazole may suppress prostaglandin E2
-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression by inhibiting the cyclic
adenosine monophosphate signal in A-431, and stress its anti-cancer
effect.